Iconicity Atlas
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Instructions:

  • Please read the instruction and the questions carefully;
  • Abbreviations int., n. and v. stand for interjection (e.g., ha-ha), noun (e.g., laughter) and verb (e.g., laugh) respectively;
  • If your language has ideophones[*]Ideophone is ‘a vivid representation of an idea in sound; a word, often onomatopoeic, which describes a predicate, qualificative or adverb in respect to manner, color, sound, smell, action, state or intensity’ (Doke 1935)., please enter them under interjection, adding (id.) in parentheses;
  • Your answers should NOT be a direct translation of the name of the concept given in the first column – the name of the concept is just an umbrella term for a group of words related by meaning (e.g., under LAUGH English giggle, guffaw, snigger etc. are grouped);
  • There may be more than one answer possible (e.g., for the concept LAUGH you may enter (int.) ha-ha, ho-ho, (n.) laughter, giggle, snigger etc. separated by commas);
  • It is possible that your language may not contain words denoting all the listed concepts, or the concepts might not be expressed by certain parts of speech (most probably, there would be no interjection); in this case, please, indicate the absence of a word by a dash ‘—’;
  • One word can define several concepts (e.g., English cry is used to denote two concepts – WHEEP and SHOUT);
  • You are most welcome to give your own comments on the usage or origin of the words in the section ‘Comments’.
  • If your language uses an alphabet other than Latin or other writing systems (e.g. hieroglyphs), please provide a transcription. If you have never transcribed the words in your language and/or not sure how to do the transcription, provide only the written form of the word.



N Name of iconic concept Question(s) Answer(s) Comments
61. ROAR
lion, tiger 		How do you imitate a loud, deep cry or howl of a large animal (e.g., tiger, lion, or bull)? How do you name such sound(s)? How do you name the action of producing such sound(s)? Please, specify the animal in the Comments section.
int.
n.
v.
62. RUMBLE
stomach		 How do you imitate a deep continuous resonant sound of a person’s stomach due to hunger? How do you name such sound(s)? How do you name such sound(s)? How do you name the action of producing such sound(s)?
int.
n.
v.
63. RUSTLE
leaves, paper 		How do you imitate a low crisp whispering or rubbing sound of dry leaves or paper? How do you name such sound(s)? How do you name the action of producing such sound(s)?
int.
n.
v.
64. SCRATCH
scrape 		How do you imitate a thin grating sound (produced by scraping a hard surface)? How do you name such sound(s)? How do you name the action of producing such sound(s)?
int.
n.
v.
65. SCREAM
high-pitched 		How do you imitate a loud, sharp, and piercing cry (often of a terrified person) or any loud, shrill high-pitched noise, a cry of pain? How do you name such sound(s)? How do you name the action of producing such sound(s)? Please, specify the nature of the sound in the Comments.
int.
n.
v.
66. SHOUT
low-pitched 		How do you imitate a loud and vigorous call or cry? How do you name such cry? How do you name the action of producing such a cry?
int.
n.
v.
67. SHUFFLE
feet 		How do you name an act of walking without lifting one’s feet fully off the ground and a sound accompanying such an action?
int.
n.
v.
68. SIGH
exhale 		How do you imitate a noise heard when a person lets his or her breath audibly, as from sorrow, or relief? How do you name such a noise? How do you name the action of producing such noise(s)?
int.
n.
v.
69. SLAP
hand 		How do you name an act of dealing a sharp blow or a smack as with the open hand, something flat, etc.; and a sound accompanying such an action?
int.
n.
v.
70. SNAP
fingers 		How do you imitate a sound of when you use your thumb and fingers to make a short sharp sound? How do you name such sound(s)? How do you name the action of producing such sound(s)?
int.
n.
v.























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